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- European UnionGuidance1 August 2026
European Union — Conformity Assessment Guidelines for High-Risk AI Systems
The European Union’s 2026 conformity assessment guidance marked the operational phase of the AI Act’s high-risk system requirements. From August 2026, AI systems used in areas such as hiring, medical devices, critical in…
- African UnionPolicy / Strategy1 January 2026
African Union — Regional Compute Partnerships for Continental AI Strategy Implementation
The African Union’s 2026 regional compute partnerships operationalised parts of the Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy by focusing on shared infrastructure and linguistic independence. The initiative described…
- United KingdomFramework1 January 2026
United Kingdom — AI Safety Institute Post-Deployment Monitoring Framework
The UK AI Safety Institute’s 2026 post-deployment monitoring framework reflected a shift from laboratory-based pre-deployment evaluation toward continuous real-world oversight. The framework addressed advanced agents who…
- United StatesGuidance1 January 2026
United States — FTC Enforcement Actions on Algorithmic Disgorgement
The Federal Trade Commission’s 2026 enforcement focus on algorithmic disgorgement used consumer protection powers to address models trained on illegally obtained, deceptive, or non-consensual data. In such cases, compani…
- European UnionGuidance1 February 2025
European Union — AI Act 2025 Ban Phase-In and GPAI Guidelines
In 2025, the European Union moved from adopting the AI Act to phased enforcement. Prohibited AI practices began to apply in February, requiring organisations to remove or audit systems involving practices such as cogniti…
- ChinaRegulation1 January 2025
China — Updated Enforcement Directives for Deep Synthesis and Generative AI Services
China’s 2025 enforcement directives for deep synthesis and generative AI services intensified implementation of existing generative AI and algorithmic governance rules. The directives focused on advanced watermarking for…
- G20Framework1 January 2025
G20 — Framework on Digital Public Infrastructure and Ethical AI Integration
The G20 framework linked AI governance with Digital Public Infrastructure, reflecting a stronger Global South emphasis in 2025. It framed ethical AI integration as dependent on public digital systems, sovereign capacity,…
- United States / ColoradoAct / Law1 January 2025
United States — Colorado AI Act SB 24-205 Implementation and Rules
Colorado’s AI Act implementation represented a major state-level development in United States AI governance while federal legislation remained stalled. The law established consumer protection duties for developers and de…
- NigeriaPolicy / Strategy1 August 2024
Nigeria — Draft National Artificial Intelligence Strategy
Nigeria’s Draft National Artificial Intelligence Strategy was developed through a collaborative process involving local and international AI experts, researchers, and technology founders. The draft positioned AI as a too…
- African UnionPolicy / Strategy18 July 2024
African Union — Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Africa
The African Union’s Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Africa set out a pan-African AI agenda for 2025–2030. Endorsed by the AU Executive Council in July 2024, it aimed to unify Africa’s voice in global dig…
- European UnionRegulation12 July 2024
European Union — Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 Artificial Intelligence Act
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 formally enacted the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act. Published in July 2024 and entering into force in August 2024, it codified the risk-based structure agreed in 2023. The Act set…
- SingaporeFramework18 June 2024
Singapore — Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI
Singapore’s Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI adapted the country’s earlier AI governance work to the specific risks and responsibilities of generative systems. Issued by IMDA and the AI Verify Foundation,…
- BrazilBill / Proposal1 June 2024
Brazil — Substitutive Text on Bill of Law No. 2338/2023
Brazil’s 2024 substitutive text for Bill of Law No. 2338/2023 revised the proposed civil framework for artificial intelligence. The committee text strengthened governance tools such as algorithmic impact assessments for…
- Council of EuropeTreaty / Convention17 May 2024
Council of Europe — Framework Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law
The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law became the first binding international treaty on AI. Adopted in May 2024 and opened for signature in Sept…
- United NationsFramework21 March 2024
United Nations — General Assembly Resolution A/RES/78/265 on Safe, Secure and Trustworthy AI
UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/78/265 was the first global consensus resolution on artificial intelligence adopted by the General Assembly. Led by the United States and co-sponsored by more than 120 countries, incl…
- JapanFramework14 February 2024
Japan — Establishment of the Japan AI Safety Institute
Japan established the Japan AI Safety Institute in February 2024 to coordinate national work on AI safety evaluation. The institute aligned Japan’s approach with the emerging international network of AI safety institutes…
- United StatesFramework8 February 2024
United States — U.S. AI Safety Institute Consortium
The U.S. AI Safety Institute Consortium was established by NIST in February 2024 to operationalise work flowing from Executive Order 14110. It convened more than 200 organisations, including AI companies, academic instit…
- AustraliaPolicy / Strategy17 January 2024
Australia — Safe and Responsible AI in Australia Government Interim Response
Australia’s government interim response to the Safe and Responsible AI consultation proposed a differentiated approach to AI governance. Rather than adopting a single generic standard, it suggested mandatory safeguards f…
- United StatesRegulation1 January 2024
United States — DOJ Title II ADA Rule on Web and Mobile Accessibility
The U.S. Department of Justice Title II ADA web accessibility rule requires state and local government web content and mobile apps to meet WCAG 2.1 Level AA accessibility standards. It is important for AI governance beca…
- ChileGuidance11 December 2023
Chile — Circular 17 ai tools public sector
Chile’s Circular No. 17 provided public-sector guidance on the use of artificial intelligence tools. The circular framed AI adoption as part of state modernisation and encouraged public bodies to use AI intentionally and…
- European UnionRegulation8 December 2023
European Union — Artificial Intelligence Act Political Agreement
The European Union reached political agreement on the Artificial Intelligence Act in December 2023, advancing the first comprehensive horizontal framework for AI regulation. The agreement used a risk-based structure, ban…
- SingaporePolicy / Strategy4 December 2023
Singapore — National AI Strategy 2.0: AI for the Public Good
Singapore’s National AI Strategy 2.0 shifted national AI policy toward systemic capability building and AI for the public good. The strategy focused on three pillars: People, Infrastructure, and Trusted Environment. It l…
- G7Framework30 October 2023
Japan / G7 — Hiroshima AI Process Leaders’ Communiqué and Guiding Principles
The Hiroshima AI Process produced G7 guiding principles for advanced AI systems under Japan’s 2023 presidency. The framework aimed to support interoperable, non-binding governance across democratic economies and reduce r…
- United StatesOther30 October 2023
United States — Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI
Executive Order 14110 directed a whole-of-government approach to safe, secure, and trustworthy AI in the United States. It required developers of certain dual-use foundation models to share safety test information with t…
- CanadaGuidance27 September 2023
Canada — Voluntary Code of Conduct on Advanced Generative AI Systems
Canada’s Voluntary Code of Conduct provided an interim governance framework for organisations developing and managing advanced generative AI systems while the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act proceeded through the le…
- ChinaRegulation13 July 2023
China — Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services
China’s Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services created a binding framework for public-facing generative AI services covering text, image, audio, and video outputs. The measures…
- European UnionRegulation29 June 2023
European Union — Machinery Regulation (EU) 2023/1230
Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 modernised European machinery law for connected, autonomous, and AI-enabled machinery. It replaced the older Machinery Directive and addressed risks created when software or machine learning sys…
- AustraliaReport1 June 2023
Australia — Safe and Responsible AI in Australia Discussion Paper
Australia’s Safe and Responsible AI discussion paper launched a national consultation on the governance of AI systems. It examined existing domestic frameworks, including consumer law, privacy law, and administrative rul…
- BrazilBill / Proposal3 May 2023
Brazil — Bill of Law No. 2338/2023 on the Civil Framework for Artificial Intelligence
Brazil’s Bill of Law No. 2338/2023 proposed a civil framework for artificial intelligence influenced by rights-based and European regulatory approaches. The bill addressed rights to explanation, non-discrimination, conte…
- United StatesGuidance25 April 2023
United States — Joint Statement on Discrimination and Bias in Automated Systems
The joint statement by the EEOC, FTC, DOJ, and CFPB clarified that existing civil rights and consumer protection laws apply to automated systems. It is particularly relevant to AI hiring tools, including resume screeners…
- RwandaPolicy / Strategy20 April 2023
Rwanda — National Artificial Intelligence Policy
Rwanda’s National Artificial Intelligence Policy set out a comprehensive roadmap for ethical AI integration across sectors including agriculture, healthcare, and public services. The policy emphasised local skills develo…
- United KingdomPolicy / Strategy29 March 2023
United Kingdom — A Pro-Innovation Approach to AI Regulation
The UK white paper set out a pro-innovation, sector-led approach to AI regulation. Rather than proposing a single central AI statute, it assigned responsibility to existing regulators to apply cross-sector principles wit…
- United StatesGuidance1 October 2022
United States — Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights
The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights was a non-binding United States federal framework for protecting the public from harmful automated systems. Published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in 2…
- GlobalFramework1 November 2021
UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
The UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence established a global soft-law framework for AI ethics. Adopted in 2021, it placed particular emphasis on human rights, inclusion, digital inequality, gen…
- ChinaFramework1 May 2019
Beijing AI Principles
The Beijing AI Principles offered an early view of China’s AI governance thinking before later binding generative AI measures. Issued by the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence in 2019, the principles balanced rap…
- OECDFramework1 May 2019
OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence
The OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence were the first intergovernmental agreement on AI policy. Adopted in May 2019, they set out value-based principles for responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI. The principl…
- European UnionRegulation17 April 2019
European Union — European Accessibility Act Directive (EU) 2019/882
The European Accessibility Act created accessibility requirements for products and services across the European market, with full enforcement beginning in June 2025. It matters for AI governance because AI tools used in…
- European UnionGuidance1 April 2019
European Commission — Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI
The European Commission’s Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI introduced a framework that defined trustworthy AI as lawful, ethical, and technically robust. Developed by the High-Level Expert Group on AI, the guidelines…
- GlobalFramework1 January 2017
Asilomar AI Principles
The Asilomar AI Principles were an early cross-disciplinary framework for beneficial artificial intelligence. Developed through the Future of Life Institute, the principles were signed by more than 1,500 AI researchers a…
- International / UNECERegulationUndated
UNECE WP.29 — Cyber Security and Software Update Regulations for Vehicles
UNECE WP.29 regulations on cyber security and over-the-air software updates provide a binding international framework for connected and automated vehicles. They are significant for embodied AI because vehicle software ca…
- InternationalStandardUndated
ISO 10218 — Safety Requirements for Industrial Robots
ISO 10218-1 and ISO 10218-2 are international safety standards for industrial robots and robot system integration. They are central to embodied AI governance because AI-driven vision, pathfinding, and adaptive control ca…
- CanadaBill / ProposalUndated
Canada — Proposed Amendments to the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act
Canada’s 2024 proposed amendments to the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act refined the pending Bill C-27 framework. The amendments focused on defining classes of high-impact AI systems, including biometric identificat…
- African UnionFrameworkUndated
African Union — Preliminary Working Framework for a Continental AI Strategy
The African Union’s preliminary working framework for a continental artificial intelligence strategy aimed to reduce regulatory fragmentation across member states and define an AI roadmap aligned with African priorities.…